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EIMA 2022 turns the spotlight on agricultural drones


The use of drones in agriculture is now an established practice. Mainly used for the collection of data that are then processed, analysed and combined to perform tasks typical of precision agriculture, aerial drones are now also increasingly being used to perform certain important crop operations.

These include pesticide treatments, organic and integrated pest control, and pollination interventions.

This was the theme of the meeting entitled ‘Present and future of vineyard treatments by aerial drone’, which took place on the fourth day of EIMA International as part of the initiatives promoted by EIMA Campus. Aerial drones – it was said during the seminar – can be used both on herbaceous crops and arboreal crops (vineyards).

In both cases, the use of this particular type of technology has many strengths, although variables relating to the orography of the land, off-target losses and possible difficulties in planning flight routes must be taken into account. However, drones offer the great advantage of performing ‘spot’ treatments, i.e. on the individual plant, and of working successfully even in complex environmental settings (such as terracing and steep slopes) that make it almost impossible to use traditional machines such as tractors and sprayers.

In addition, the use of drones for pesticide treatments has important safety implications, as it prevents the operator from being close to the chemicals contained in pesticides. Agricultural drones were also discussed today at the conference entitled ‘The evolution of the use of drones in agriculture for aerial spraying: the Marche project’.

During this meeting, the speakers not only presented the specific experience gained in the Marche region, but also stressed the need for regulatory interventions to clearly and precisely regulate what is to all intents and purposes an emerging field of activity.

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‘Horn of Africa’, irrigation technologies against the climate crisis`


The consequences of global warming are impacting the countries of Central and Eastern Africa particularly hard and are exacerbating crisis factors that already penalised their development capacities in the past.

In order to tackle the emergency, it is essential to secure and upgrade irrigation systems, focusing on technologies adapted to local realities.

 The great themes of solidarity and cooperation with the “horn of Africa” were at the centre of the final day of EIMA 2022, the world exhibition of agricultural machinery that closed today in Bologna and opened an important window on one of the areas hardest hit by climate change.

The regions of central and eastern Africa are experiencing a severe drought, induced by climate change, that has created conditions of serious food insecurity for some 16 million people, 6 million of them in Somalia.

The lack of water, caused by both less rainfall and uneven distribution (floods alternating with periods of extreme drought), has led to a collapse in agricultural production in the countries of the horn of Africa, while at the same time causing the death of more than three million livestock.

It was precisely this that was discussed at the meeting, entitled ‘The Water Challenge. Accessible technologies for developing countries’, organised in the Quadriportico area by the non-governmental organisation CEFA, engaged in agricultural cooperation with North-East Africa, and FederUnacoma, the Italian association of agricultural machinery manufacturers.

In 2020, the average global temperature touched a record high of 15° Celsius, but, the conference speakers pointed out, the average rate of increase recorded in African countries was much higher than that seen in other regions of the world.

In Africa, the consequences of global warming are exacerbating those crisis factors – famine, migration, military conflicts, corruption and fragile local institutions – that have long been undermining the development potential of many countries, especially in the north-eastern regions, and are now further weakening their ability to respond to the climate emergency.

In this scenario, characterised by increasingly scarce resources, it is therefore essential to apply agronomic practices suited to the specific soil characteristics of the land, but above all to exploit the available water to the last drop.

For this reason, on the one hand it is necessary to restore and improve irrigation infrastructures, which are often inadequate for local water needs, and on the other hand to use irrigation systems modelled on the characteristics and particular needs of the territory.

With this in mind, as the speakers explained, a very effective solution for extracting water from wells has been to use solar-powered pumps – cheaper and more sustainable for the environment – instead of traditional fossil-fuel powered models.

The Italian irrigation systems industry, thanks to its extraordinary ability to customise and modulate the construction solutions offered on the market, can provide African countries with significant support both for the supply of technology and for the dissemination of operational know-how.

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Engines for agricultural machinery: towards ‘neutral’ systems

At EIMA 2022, manufacturers of engines and agricultural machinery, which are currently Stage V compliant, discussed the solutions to be adopted to achieve the ambitious goals that the European institutions are setting towards the goal of climate neutrality.

 In order to curb the impact of climate change, the European Commission has adopted a package of measures aimed at reducing climate-changing gas emissions by 55% by 2030 and achieving ‘zero emissions’ by 2050. This context particularly encourages engine manufacturers to develop propulsion systems that have less and less impact on the environment.

This highly topical subject was the focus of the conference entitled ‘Evolution of propulsion in agricultural machinery’, held as part of EIMA 2022, organised by FederUnacoma with the participation of leading engine and agricultural machinery manufacturers.

The current Emissions Regulation that introduced ‘Stage V’ already guarantees a significant reduction in pollutant emissions, as FederUnacoma’s Technical Service points out in its introduction, but the New Green Deal sets more stringent targets that could be achieved by using ‘zero’ impact alternative fuels, renewable fuels and ‘alternative’ fossil fuels due to the current energy crisis.

Diego Rotti, Head of Off-Road Product Portfolio & Marketing FPT presented the main technologies developed by FPT to optimise the environmental impact of its engines.

Several solutions are being studied in FPT Industrial’s path towards decarbonisation, also through concrete applications in the field: in addition to biomethane and hydrogen propulsion systems (with the first prototype of a 13-litre engine that will be tested through an application on snow groomers in the coming winter season), there are also hybrid and full electric technologies.

In this regard, FPT has already started production in Italy of battery packs and electrified axles for various applications, continuing to acquire experience and skills to be progressively transferred to the agricultural sector.

According to Mauro Mancuso, Senior Manager as well as Product Marketing at Kohler, in addition to the use of various alternative fuels such as HVO biofuel, full electric engines are expected to be used mainly in public transport and ‘in-house’ logistics, while hybrid technology will be exploited in regional transport and materials handling.

Full-electric technology is a priority in Kohler’s strategy, Mancuso pointed out, even though it is currently limited by battery capacity and poor recharging infrastructure. In any case, internal combustion engines will continue to be prevalent in agricultural/forestry, construction and long-distance transport applications.

One firmly committed to electrification is CNHi, which, as illustrated by Stefano Fiorati (Zero Emission & Advanced Drivetrain Manager CNHi), has already produced full electric vehicles. These include a mini-excavator, whose batteries can be recharged by 80% in just one hour thanks to fast-charging technology.

The electrification process does not only concern tractors, but also equipment: in recent years an increasing number of manufacturers have developed machinery with electric power supply systems independent of the tractor. The system developed by New Holland – Fiorati went on to explain – involves an external e-Source generator which, driven by the tractor’s PTO, powers the electric equipment.

The Emilia-based manufacturer Landini, part of the Argo Tractors group, has also embarked on a reorganisation process with a particular focus on hybrid engines. On display at EIMA 2022, the Rex 4 Full Hybrid tractor was recently awarded as Technical Innovation.

The machine – explained Giovanni Esposito Innovation Director Argo Tractors – is equipped with a 50 kW electric motor and a 55 kW internal combustion motor.

The Rex 4 Full Hybrid model, Esposito pointed out, can work both in fully electric mode, delivering a maximum of 65 kW, and in hybrid mode with a maximum power output of 80 kW. It should be noted that the operating autonomy, in the fully electric case, can reach two hours thanks to the use of a 30 kWh capacity battery managed by an algorithm for the recharging system developed in-house.

In its conclusions, FederUnacoma reiterates that the overview currently offered on power sources towards decarbonisation highlights the applicability of different solutions that can be adopted by agricultural machinery manufacturers according to their application and market needs.

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Avant 02 – seed drill combination with mounted front tank FTender


The 2nd Generation 02 Avant 02 seed drill combinations consist of the FTender front mounted tank, the new generation of active soil tillage, and the new TwinTeC seeding system.

AMAZONE also offers the RoTeC single disc coulter, alongside the TwinTeC double disc coulter. The working width range extends from the rigid 3 m and 4 m, up to folding 4 m, 5 m and 6 m. The full range will be available from 2023.

The soil tillage – new KG 02-2 rotary cultivator

With the Avant 02 folding seed drill combinations, the latest generation rotary cultivators can be used at all working widths. The rigid Avant 02 seed rails can be mounted on the KE 02 rotary harrows or on the KX 01 or KG 01 rotary cultivators.

The folding rotary cultivators provides the basis for a perfect seed bed. 3.3 tine carriers per metre of working width till the soil intensively as well as thoroughly incorporating any organic matter during the mulch sowing process.

The on-grip tines pull themselves down into the soil, even under the most difficult of conditions, so that the rotary cultivator can maintain its working depth, even in extremely hard soils. The spring-loaded side plates retain the soil in the machine. The side plates can be height-adjusted by using the standard universal tool. They can move to one side to avoid stones and other larger obstacles.

The height setting of the levelling board can be used to guide the soil flow and the intensity of the soil tillage. The seedbed is also levelled by the levelling board. The levelling board can be adjusted in height from each side using the universal operating tool. The levelling board is now guided by the roller, so that the tines of the levelling board do not need to be adjusted as the working depth varies.

The wide range of following rollers includes, for example, the wedge ring roller, the wedge ring roller with matrix tyre profile, the tooth packer roller and the trapeze ring roller and so can provide the optimum reconsolidation on different soils.

Should the farmer want to drive using track markers, the seed rail can be equipped with twin markers. These track markers are then mounted on the soil tillage tool. This keeps the weight closer to the tractor and the intensity of mark is improved in field corners. The angle of attack of the marker discs can also be adjusted using the universal operating tool.

Accurate seed placement with the TwinTeC seed coulters

The TwinTeC double disc coulters are mounted by the seed rail onto the active soil tillage tool with roller. The TwinTeC coulter is offered with a row spacing of 15 cm. The maintenance-free, TwinTeC coulters run very smoothly through the soil at a coulter pressure of up to 60 kg/coulter and place the seed precisely.

The working depth of the parallel-guided coulter can be adjusted independently of the coulter pressure. The placement depth is determined by the depth guidance rollers. The depth across all coulters is adjusted centrally from 0 to 6 cm.

The adjustment of the placement depth is carried out once again using the universal operating tool. Depth setting is carried out centrally for the rigid Avant sowing combinations, and it is set separately on each wing for the folding execution. The exact setting can be read off on a scale.

Avant seeding system with RoTeC coulter

RoTeC coulters are maintenance-free and work very reliably, even where large amounts of straw and plant residues are present. The sowing disc and a furrow former create the seed furrow profile and provide optimum seed placement into the soil. The Control 10 depth guidance disc or the Control 25 depth guidance roller prevent the soil from sticking to the sowing disc, thereby ensuring that the pre-selected sowing depth is precisely maintained. The row spacing is 12.5 cm.

The mechanical or hydraulic coulter pressure adjustment allows very rapid and convenient reaction to varying soil conditions. The hydraulic coulter pressure adjustment enables the coulter pressure to be comfortably adjusted from the tractor cab. The coulter pressure setting is displayed to the driver on the ISOBUS terminal.

A harrow on the coulter ensures reliable seed coverage. The angle of attack of this spring-loaded tine harrow can be adjusted. It can be set aggressively for heavy soils and in trailing mode for areas where there are straw residues. The dragging up of straw residues is therefore avoided. If the harrow wears, it can be set to another one of 5 height positions. If it is not needed, it can be deactivated in the park position.

If a pre-cultivation just with the rotary cultivator is necessary on the headland, the coulters can also be completely lifted up using the hydraulic coulter pressure adjustment. This also makes perfect use of the rotary cultivator in the corners. The rotary cultivator with roller can also be uncoupled from the seed rail when needed for solo seedbed preparation.

 Conveying system

On the 3 m and 4 m Avant, the seed travels from the FTender front mounted tank via a single conveying system whereas, on the 5 m and 6 m Avant it is via a double conveying system, to the segmented distributor head, or heads. The distribution head is mounted directly above the coulters, resulting in a short and steep line of transfer between the distribution heads and the coulters. Electrical one-sided switching is also possible in the Avant.

ISOBUS machine control

The machine control of the Avant is by ISOBUS. The software has been developed internally by AMAZONE and facilitates facilitates intuitive operation of the Avant. The easily-comprehensible symbols and freely-programmable buttons can be used to adapt the interface of the operating terminal to the requirements of the user. Control of the seed drill combination can be performed either by the AmaTron 4 or AmaPad 2 ISOBUS terminals from AMAZONE, or by any other ISOBUS terminal from another manufacturer.

Additional transport chassis

AMAZONE offers an additional transport chassis for road transport on the Avant 5002-2 and 6002-2. The load is taken off the tractor when driving on the road and the travel comfort in transport becomes more pleasant for the driver. The chassis makes it possible to drive the Avant legally on the road with most tractors and without exceeding the rear axle load limit. Coupling and uncoupling is a one-man operation. Safe locking facilitates operation from the left-hand side of the machine.

Illustrations, content and technical data are not binding and may differ depending on the level of equipment. Country-specific road traffic regulations apply and must be complied with, meaning that special approval may be required. The permissible axle loads and total weights of the tractor have to be checked. Not all the listed combination options are possible with all tractor manufacturers.

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New BorderTS boundary spreading system for ZA-TS and ZG-TS fertiliser spreaders


AMAZONE has developed the BorderTS deflector for the ZA-TS mounted spreader and the ZG-TS trailed spreader for even more precise fertilisation up to the field boundary when at those larger working widths.

Unlike conventional deflectors, the BorderTS system is integrated into the software of the fertiliser spreader. The new deflector is used in conjunction with the disc-integrated AutoTS border spreading system and has a special baffle construction.

AMAZONE and border spreading – Precision in perfection

High-precision boundary spreading has always been an important focus for AMAZONE. It became apparent very early on how much yield potential lies in the field boundary area and that savings on fertiliser could be achieved yet whilst protecting the environment.

Border spreading systems like the Limiter help farmers to switch between side, border, water course and normal spreading from the comfort of the cab.

The advantage of AutoTS is very evident at larger working widths. A short spreading vane is activated in the disc-integrated border spreading system, so that the fertiliser is accelerated less and therefore is only applied across the required distance. AutoTS enables fertiliser to be spread much more effectively, right to the edge of the field, thereby achieving an additional yield of up to 17 % in this area, compared to conventional border spreading systems.

Both the border spreading systems work according to the principle of fertilising from the first tramline to the edge of the field.

To achieve even higher yields at the edge of the field, the new BorderTS deflector can be used in conjunction with AutoTS. BorderTS spreads the fertiliser directly from the edge of the field to the crop. When doing so, the shutter nearest the field boundary is left closed.

AMAZONE has specially developed the new BorderTS deflector for the TS spreading systems, so that, when used in combination with AutoTS, can achieve excellent results in lateral distribution right to the edge of the field, without applying fertiliser across the border. This enables increased yields of up to 27 % on the outer five metres of the field boundary area, in comparison with conventional border spreading systems.

Precision border spreading with the new BorderTS deflector, combined with AutoTS

In addition to the use of the new BorderTS deflector on areas with row crops or a special tramline system, the deflector can be used extremely effectively for the first application in cereals. Here it is always crucial that the full amount of fertiliser is applied exactly at the field boundary without throwing fertiliser beyond it. The growth of plants that have been driven over in the field boundary area is not permanently impaired during that first application.

All values can be stored in the spreader settings beforehand, so that the appropriate setting parameters are set automatically depending on the application situation.

Baffle plate construction and software integration

At large working widths, the fertiliser must be accelerated considerably more, in order to achieve a good area of overlap with the spread fan of the first tramline. Due to the high energy of the granules, the lateral distribution provided by conventional systems behind the tractor is often unsatisfactory.

The BorderTS deflector features a special baffle plate construction and a guide plate, the angle of which can be adjusted. The baffles first remove the energy from the granules, which are then gently guided to the ground by the guide plate. The guide plate is infinitely adjustable for optimal application up to the field boundary.

In addition, a sensor detects the working position. When the deflector is in use, the spread rate and the delivery point of the fertiliser onto the spreading disc are automatically adjusted to ensure the best possible lateral distribution in combination with the disc-integrated AutoTS border spreading system. It goes without saying that the application rate can be manually overridden at any time in response to special situations.

The BorderTS deflector is mounted centrally behind the spreader and can be activated hydraulically.

Animation of the BorderTS boundary spreading system:

www.amazone.net/yt-border-ts

When activated, the BorderTS deflector on the ZA-TS is swivelled into the spread fan from above. The special baffle plate construction and infinitely adjustable guide plate gently guide the granules to the ground.

Illustration of the combined use of BorderTS and AutoTS:

  1. Fertiliser is spread from the edge of the field into the crop by the BorderTS deflector, with automatic reduction of the target rate to 50 %. The shutter nearest the field boundary is left closed.
  2. AutoTS spreads at 50 % from the first tramline across to the boundary side to achieve the target rate across the total field boundary area. Normal spreading to the field side with 100 % of the target rate.
  3. In the subsequent tramlines, normal spreading is resumed with 100% of the target rate to both sides.

Illustrations, content and technical data are not binding and may differ depending on the level of equipment. Country-specific road traffic regulations apply and must be complied with, meaning that special approval may be required.

The permissible axle loads and total weights of the tractor have to be checked. Not all the listed combination options are possible with all tractor manufacturers.

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Agrishow 2023 has new entry schedule for visitors

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The 28th edition of the main agricultural technology fair in Latin America changes the time of entry of visitors in order to improve mobility for participants.

Agrishow 2023 – 28th International Fair of Agricultural Technology in Action will be held in Ribeirão Preto, in São Paulo, between May 1 and 5, with a new entry time for visitors: it will be at 9 am and the exit time remains at 6 pm. The change promoted by the organizers aims to improve the mobility of exhibitors and visitors, reducing the impacts of heavy vehicle traffic in the region.

The new entry time proposal was based on statistical data and analysis, which showed the periods of greater movement of cars on the highway, access roads and local streets. Thus, the start of the fair at 9am will not only bring benefits to the participants of the event, but also to the people who travel in the region.

In its 28th edition, the fair, which connects people and technologies, will have many attractions to enrich the experience of rural producers and agro professionals present at the event.

Among the 2022 successes confirmed are: Agrishow Pra Elas, a space dedicated to women in agriculture with content and relationship activities, Agrishow Labs, with the participation of startups that increase productivity and quality to Brazilian crops, and the Drones Arena.

Sustainability will be in focus during Agrishow 2023, through sustainable initiatives in the areas of waste and energy, such as the proper collection and disposal of different types of waste, the recycling of materials, the use of renewable sources and energy savings.

Agrishow this year will count on the participation of more than 800 brands from Brazil and abroad, which means an opportunity to get to know the main technological innovations and important launches that will make a difference for the production of grains, carbohydrates, fibers and proteins throughout the country, to carry out business and to strengthen relationships.

Among the segments present at the event will be: machinery, equipment and agricultural implements, precision agriculture, irrigation, storage, livestock, seeds, correctives, fertilizers, pesticides, miscellaneous inputs, bags, packaging, software and hardware technology, family farming, financing, insurance, parts, auto parts, tools, tires, valves, pumps, engines, yellow line and commercial vehicles. The fair will also have the participation of the main banks directed to agriculture.

Agrishow 2023 is an initiative of the main agribusiness entities in the country: Abag – Brazilian Agribusiness Association, Abimaq – Brazilian Association of Machinery and Equipment Industry, ANDE – National Association for the Diffusion of Fertilizers, Faesp – Federation of Agriculture and Livestock of the State of São Paulo and SRB – Brazilian Rural Society, and is organized by Informa Markets, a member of the Informa Group, one of the largest promoters of fairs, conferences and training in the world with public capital.

More info:

AGRISHOW 2023 – 28th International Fair of Agricultural Technology in Action

​Date: May 1st to 5th

Location: Rodovia Antônio Duarte Nogueira, Km 321 – Ribeirão Preto (SP)

Time: from 9 am to 6 pm

www.agrishow.com.br

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Michelin upgrades its EvoBib tyre range

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Michelin has recently announced the introduction of a new version of its popular EvoBib (2in1) tyre which is specifically designed for tractors with central tyre inflation systems (CTIS).

This latest EvoBib range from Michelin will be further expanded during the course of this year including new sizes for larger tractors.

The upgraded tyre offers a number of impressive features and benefits including reduced soil compaction and fuel consumption and optimised longevity and sustainable traction both on and off road.

Also, a unique low pressure structure tread pattern effectively maximises the tyres footprint for greater traction when used in field work. Whilst on the road the EvoBib’s versatile smaller footprint combined with a central rib lowers rolling distance and increases durability.

Initially the tyre will be available in two size options – VF 710/70 R42 and VF 600/70 R30.

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Continental unveils largest tractor tire


Continental has launched its largest tractor tire to date, the VF TractorMaster in size VF900/60R42.

With a diameter of 2,147 millimeters, the tire is larger than a door frame and weighs 450 kilograms with a load index of 189 (10,300 kilograms).

Continental has developed the tire size specifically to be able to carry the weight of agricultural machinery with over 300 horsepower.

Bigger, faster, heavier: new tire size addresses industry trend

Rising costs and the pressure to transport increasingly larger loads in a shorter time mean that the demand for powerful agricultural machinery is growing. Benjamin Hübner, Product Line Manager for Agricultural Tires at Continental, says:

“This development not only demands top performance from machines, but also from their tires. That is why we develop and test our agricultural tires in close consultation with our customers.”

Underlying the trend toward large machines is the primary goal of working even more efficiently and cost-effectively.

In 2022, Continental therefore launched five new tire sizes of its VF TractorMaster (650/60 R 34; 650/65 R 42; 710/75 R42; 650/65 R 34; 710/60 R 34).

Suitable for field and road

Thanks to VF technology, the tire can be driven with 40 percent more load at the same tire pressure as a standard tire or 40 percent less tire pressure at the same load.

In addition, tires with VF technology operate more fuel-efficiently than conventional tractor tires. Hübner: “The VF TractorMaster combines efficiency and soil preservation.

The VF technology allows for a smooth transition from field to road without having to adjust the tire pressure. At the same time, the impact of heavy machinery on the soil is minimized by a wider tread surface when working in the field.”

Continental is striving to continuously expand its agricultural tire business as part of its Vision 2030 strategy. The expansion of the portfolio and the realignment of the Agricultural Tires business field, headed by Ivonne Bierwirth, underscore the company’s growth strategy.

Continental develops pioneering technologies and services for sustainable and connected mobility of people and their goods. Founded in 1871, the technology company offers safe, efficient, intelligent and affordable solutions for vehicles, machines, traffic and transportation.

In 2021, Continental generated sales of €33.8 billion and currently employs more than 190,000 people in 58 countries and markets. On October 8, 2021, the company celebrated its 150th anniversary.

The Tires group sector has 24 production and development locations worldwide. Continental is one of the leading tire manufacturers with more than 57,000 employees and posted sales of €11.8 billion in 2021 in this group sector.

Continental ranks among the technology leaders in tire production and offers a broad product range for passenger cars, commercial and special-purpose vehicles as well as two-wheelers.

Through continuous investment in research and development, Continental makes a major contribution to safe, cost effective and ecologically efficient mobility.

The portfolio of the tire business includes services for the tire trade and fleet applications, as well as digital management systems for tires.

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AgriEdge, OCP Africa partner to promote crop protection


Agricultural solutions provider AgriEdge and OCP Africa launched the fourth edition of the agricultural innovation program on Monday through a virtual conference that brought together more than 100 participants.

The fourth edition of the program focuses on using technology to promote crop protection and hopes that many participating projects will benefit from the program.
Participants will benefit from the knowledge of experts from the Mohammed VI Polytechnic University of Morocco (UM6P), Bayer, the National School of Agriculture of Meknes (ENAM) and the AgriTech Center of Excellence.
In addition, they will also be able to use the infrastructures and laboratories of the UM6P. The university has a set of experimentation platforms in its Living Labs, including an experimental farm.
Additionally, attendees will be connected to potential customers in the form of program partners, and will also have the opportunity to showcase their solutions to a wider audience at the International Agricultural Expo 2023 in Morocco.
More than 300 participants from 24 African countries have applied to be part of the program, according to its official website.
“This program is an opportunity to create a center for exchanging experiences and knowledge, co-creation and coopetition around technology and crop protection”, indicates the site.
Program topics include the use of AI for disease and pest prediction, web and mobile platforms for plant disease monitoring and treatment, and the use of Tele-Proxi detection to protect plants. plants, among others.
The Agricultural Innovation Program aims to support startups that use technology to solve problems in the agricultural sector.
In a context of growing population and dwindling resources due to climate change and other challenges, local start-ups have recently emerged as a potential solution, especially in Africa which has seen an entrepreneurship boom.
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Legal hurdles for Germany’s plan to ban export of certain pesticides


Germany plans to implement export ban on certain hazardous pesticides to eliminate double standards in the area of pesticide exports.

Double standards arise when active substances and plant protection products that are not approved or authorised in the EU because of their environmental and health hazards or risks are exported from Germany to countries outside the European Union.

“It is unacceptable that we continue producing and exporting pesticides that we rightly banned here with a view to people’s health,” Agriculture Minister Cem Özdemir said in a statement  last year.

But the move is likely to find its way in the corridors of justice.

A Legal opinion commissioned by the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR), the Heinrich Böll Stiftung, the INKOTA-netzwerk, the Pestizid Aktions-Netzwerk (PAN Germany) and the Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung has highlighted two important areas of legal interest.

First an export ban needs to comply with higher ranking laws in Germany, the EU and international law. It also has to respect the rights and freedoms of those affected by the law. This is because individual affected companies could move to court to challenge the ban.

In legal proceedings against the export ban, national courts will assess whether the provision is compatible with higher-ranking law. To assess compatibility with EU law, the legal opinion examines the compatibility of a German export ban with the EU rules on competences as well as with the fundamental freedoms .

Compatibility with German law
Compatibility with national law requires compatibility with the German Basic Law. In particular, compatibility with fundamental rights must be examined here. An export ban may interfere with the fundamental rights of freedom of property, occupation and the general freedom of action.

Which fundamental right is affected depends on the circumstances of the individual case . In principle, domestic companies as legal persons under private law can also invoke fundamental rights.

Compatibility with world trade law

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) regulates trade measures by WTO members. Violations of the GATT can be sanctioned by WTO states before a panel of experts. It is likely that a German export ban would violate Article XI:1 GATT, which in principle prohibits any institution of non-tariff quantitative restrictions on imports and exports. However, such a violation may be justified under
Article XX GATT.

However, the measures may be justified if they serve to protect human, animal and plant
life and health and are necessary for this purpose. The export ban on certain hazardous pesticides from Germany is intended to protect persons exposed to the hazardous substances as well as the environment and ecosystems.

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